OMG IT'S MONDAY!!

GREAT STUFF YOU GUYS!! KIDNEYS!! :D Ok... we've started the class by getting two stamps for UP 19-20 and the Lab we did last week. Tomorrow we will be dissecting a sheep KIDNEY!! I can barely hold my excitement :] Next we answered these questions on the board: 1) What organs are the part of the excertory system? 2)How does the excretory system play a role in homeostasis? 3)What does the cartoon below illustrate? What does it do? (I couldn't find the exact picture but this was close enough.) Answers... 1) Liver, skin, kidneys, and lungs. 2) Balances the body to keep metabolic wastes out. 3)A nephron, it is the functional unit of the kidney (it filters the blood) Next we went over our lab and the results of the nutrition test.

Please make sure you get the correct results from a friend....

-For the bread, it should defiently be positive for starch but everything else could be either or... Bread is a fortified food.

-If you tested cheese for starch (which you didn't have to..) it would test positive (which shouldn't) but the powder on the cheese that prevents it from sticking to eat other is the only thing that has a starch compound in it..

-Why is there no fat in potatoe?? Potatoe is full of carbohydrates and if you don't consume the energy you get from it it is store and converted to fat...

We also took some notes.....

Excertion -The removal of metabolic wastes from the body. -CO2, salts, water, nitrogenus waste, uric acid and urea -Excertory organs - lungs remove CO2 - skin removes salt, water, and some urea - kindeys are the main excretory organ Excretory System -Renal arteries carry "dirty" blood from the aorta to the kidneys. (Unfilterd blood) -Renal veins carry "clean" blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava -Ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder -Urethra carries urine out of the body. We were suppposed to watch some videos afterwards but youtube wasn't working... OUR HOMEWORK.... -Read over our kidney dissection UP 23-28. -Tomorrow is the last day to visit Mrs. Stein for a homework pass. -Test Friday STUDY!!!! :O Next scribe shall be..... Ariana !! :D

Oh boy this'll be a longggggg one you guys!

We started our class yesterday in the math lab. Mrs. Stein gave us a stamp for last night's homework. We spent the class on the homework. Homework: Pages 83-85 in UP using this link: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/.

Today, we turned in pages 83 and 84 in the UP. We went over questions we had for the test tomorrow. Then we watched a movie with cloning and using extinct animal hair's to clone them in it's relative cousin. We also picked up a gold packet for our study guide for our final. Do NOT use it for the test tomorrow. Please follow the objectives in the golden UP packet.

REVIEW!!!!!!!!

BELOW WILL BE A REVIEW FOR THE TEST ON FRIDAY!!
Words in green are vocab.

Chromsomes

-Eukaryotic cells have pairs of homologous chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes = each set is from each parent.
-Some are haploid (one set; N) and some are diploid (two sets; 2N, HINT: 'di' means two)
-Human body cells (i.e. muscle cells) are diploid. Total of 46 chromosomes.
-Gemetes (sex cells) are haploid. (i.e. sperm and eggs) Total of 23 chromosomes.
-But sperm (23) fertilizes + egg (23) = zygote (46). Fertilization restores diploid state.
-Zygote = Fertilized Egg

Meiosis

-Occurs to make haploid gametes.
-Chromosome number is cut in half 2N -> N
-Occurs in ovaries and testes
-Two cell divisions
-Increases genetic variation

~Phases in Meiosis 1:

-Prophase 1: homologous chromosomes from tetrads (contains 4 chromatids) and crossing over occurs (they exchange proteins of their chromatids)
-Metaphase 1: tetrads line up along middle
-anaphase 1: homologous chromosomes separate
-telophase 1: two nuclei form
-cytokinesis 1: cells separate

Phases in Meiosis 2

-The process is the same between the divisions EXCEPT: DNA replication and crossing over. -RESULT????
-Same thing as the picture above except.... they are haploid.
-Importance???
-PRODUCES GAMETES!!!!!!
-In men (in one division of a cell) = produces 4 sperm cells.
-In woman (in one division) = just one.

Mendel

-Principle of Dominance = is the principle that states that some alleles are dominant are others are recessive.

-"An organism with at least one dominant allele for a particular form of a trait will exhibit that form of trait. An organism with a recessive allele for a particular form of a trait will exhibit that form only when the dominant allele for the trait is not present." Taken from 11.1 in textbook.
-Law of Segregation = Is when homologous pairs separate. Occurs during Meiosis.
-Law of independent assortment = states that genes for different traits can segregate
independently during the formation of gametes.
-segregate = to separate.
-pure breeding = is when the offspring is produced with the same traits as its parents.
-hybrid = Is the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.
-alleles = are the different forms of a gene.
-F1 Cross = F1 generation is the offspring of the P generation. Mendel let the F1 generation self-pollinate. Why? Because, after the P generation pollinated, there were no recessive alleles in F1 but in F2.

Probability = the likelihood that a particular event will occur.

Punnet Squares

-Punnet Square = Punnet squares use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses.
-Phenotype = physical trait
-Genotype = genetic makeup
-homozygous = organism that has two identical alleles for a trait (i.e. AA, aa)
-heterozygous = organism that has two different alleles for a trait (i.e. Aa, Ee)
-independent assortment = states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
-One-Factor/Trait Crosses
-Two-Factor/Trait Crosses
-Incomplete Dominance = Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another. (i.e. red flower x white flower = pink flower)
-Codominance = when the phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed. (i.e. Black feathered chicken x white feathered chicken = Black & White speckled feathered chicken)
-Multiple alleles = A gene with more than two alleles.
-polygenic traits = Traits controlled by two or more genes. (HINT: 'poly' means more than two)
-Environment conditions can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits.
-Relate genetics to different breeds of dogs (The last movie we watched in Bio Day)

Human heredity

-Identify types of human chromosomes in a karyotype
-Determine sex (x and y chromosomes)(xx = female xy = male)
-Determine chromosome issues = Down syndrome (extra 21 chromosome), Klinefelter's syndrome (Males who have more than one x chromosome), Turner's syndrome (Females have only one x chromosome)
-Explain how pedigrees are used to study human traits and be able to use a pedigree chart. (Information gained from pedigree analysis makes it possible to determine the nature of genes and alleles associated with inherited human traits)
-Be able to describe and perform genetic crosses on the following human gene autosomal disorders:
a) Recessive alleles: Albinism, cystic fibrosis, PKU, Tay-Sachs disease
b)Dominant alleles: Achondroplasia, Huntington's disease
c) Codominant alleles: Sickle cell disease.

-Sadly, sex linked disorders are more common in males than females.
-Why? Because the disorder is on the 'sex link' meaning on the sex chromosome X. Remember X is in seX link.
-Have to be able to perform sex-linked crosses using the Punnet Sqaure with...: colorblindness, hemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystophy

Be able to summarize methods of human DNA analysis: genetic test and DNA Fingerprinting.
-Gel Electrophoresis

-The Human Genome Project was a 13-year, international effort with the main goals of sequencing all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identifying all human genes.
-Describe how researchers are attempting to cure genetic disorders
-Be able to discuss ethical issues in human genetics.

Genetic Engineering

-Purpose of of selective breeding = Allowing only those animals with wanted characteristics to produce the next generation. Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantages of naturally occurring genetic variation, to pass wanted traits on to the next generation of organisms.

-Purpose of induced mutations
-Hybridization = crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.
-Inbreeding = The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.
-Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by introducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of biological diversity.

~Explain how scientists manipulate DNA: (Can be found in 15.2)
a) genetic engineering
b)DNA extraction, Cutting DNA, Separating DNA, reading sequence, cutting and pasting DNA, making copies of DNA.
c)Uses: electrophoresis, DNA fingerprinting for crime cases and paternity cases

~Explain how cells can be transformed (Can be found in 15.2)
~Describe the usefulness of transgenic organisms and cloning (Can be found in 15.2)


The Next Scribe WILL BEEEEEEEE: David

P.S. If you make pictures of certain process like Meiosis, it will actually help you remember it easier!

ALMOST FRIDAY

In Class:
We have begun class by receiving a new Unit Packet, a new class Syllabus,a diagram for our notes, and a Student Summary Detail Report. There was also a group of papers that have yet not been picked up from yesterday.
If you had any questions regarding about your Cell Test or anything else with your Detail Report, you should talk with Mrs. Stein after class.

Notes:
We have been given notes from slides about our new unit DISEASE AND IMMUNITY! :D yay :

1) Infectious Disease:

• Disease - Any change that disrupts the body's functions
• Pathogens - Agents which cause infectious disease
• Germ Theory of Disease
• Infectious disease are caused by microorganisms.

2) Pathogens - Agents of Disease

• Bacteria

ghdf

• Viruses

ghdf

• Protists

ghdf

• Worms

ghdf

• Fungi

ghdf

3) Spread of Disease

• Physical contact - direct and indirect
• Sexual Contact and airborne
• Contaminated water or food
• Poor sanitation, raw meat
• Animals like insects & rats which carry disease are vectors
• Rabies, West Nile, Malaria

4) Koch's Postulates (with diagram)

• Robert Koch - German Scientist (Late 1800s)

Game:
After we took these notes we played a game called Zapper. Everyone stands in a circle and everyone received a card with either Zapper (1) and a player (everyone else) for the first game. The zapper (disease) will wink (attack) a player (other cell) and the player will sit down (die). In the second game a vaccination card was thrown in the cards and if the zapper will look at the vaccinated player (vaccinated cell) the cell will not die because they already know how to handle with this disease therefore they live.

Homework:

• Do pages 4 and 5 in the Unit Packet but cross off the first four empty boxes under What That Game Element Represents on Page 4. And cross off number 3 on page 5.
• Remember to do your cancer paper that is due this Monday, October 25. It has to be turned www.turnitin.com and in a hard copy by that day.
• Remember to do extra credit! The next upcoming date will be this Saturday from 9 to 12 at the Glen.

THE NEXT SCRIBE WILL BE: Taylor

Wednesday, September 29

Beginning of Class:

• Once we have settled down, everyone has gotten a Student Summary Detail Report (basically, your grade report). If you had any questions about this, you should have a talk with Ms. Stein in private.
• After that we have talked about the cluster map here on the blog and that someone in the middle of the US has checked it out .. creepy.. To make it even weirder Mr. Sheller comes in the room with one eyebrow cocked and looks over us and then leaves.

• After all this commotion we have all picked up our new Unit 3 Packet and the blue assignment sheet if you didn't get one earlier.

The New Unit!!

• The new unit is about cells. And the theme is cancer. What is cancer? Cancer are mutated cells that can divide/multiply out of control. This process is commonly known as mitosis.

• The class has brainstormed for a minute of what we knew about cells. After that we shared our thoughts with the class.
• After we got the general idea, we went over a couple power point slides Mrs. Stein has put up on the smart board. It mainly discussed the levels of organization, the cell theory, and cell specialization. It was basically a review but you should get the notes from a friend just in case.

Microscopes

• Do you remember we had to rate ourselves on our test on Tuesday of how we can perform with a microscope without looking over the guidelines in our packet? Well, after we took our notes we were put into assigned groups (so there is one person who knows extremely well how to handle a microscope and one person who can use some more help) and practice how to use the microscope.

Homework and Upcoming Quizzes:

1. WE HAVE A QUIZ TOMORROW OF HOW TO HANDLE A MICROSCOPE WITH A SLIDE!
2. We have to read 7.1 and take double bubble notes. You were to compare Eukaryotes Vs. Prokaryotes.
3. Moodle was down yesterday so you still have today to finish any discussion questions that you haven't done so already.
4. Rememeber to do extra credit! Only one visit counts for points but volunteering more for fun won't hurt!

The next scribe is Ariana

Oil Spill Movie

Enjoy!