Today, we turned in pages 83 and 84 in the UP. We went over questions we had for the test tomorrow. Then we watched a movie with cloning and using extinct animal hair's to clone them in it's relative cousin. We also picked up a gold packet for our study guide for our final. Do NOT use it for the test tomorrow. Please follow the objectives in the golden UP packet.
REVIEW!!!!!!!!
BELOW WILL BE A REVIEW FOR THE TEST ON FRIDAY!!Words in
green are vocab.Chromsomes
-Eukaryotic cells have pairs of homologous chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes = each set is from each parent. -Some are haploid (one set; N) and some are diploid (two sets; 2N, HINT: 'di' means two)
-Human body cells (i.e. muscle cells) are diploid. Total of 46 chromosomes.
-Gemetes (sex cells) are haploid. (i.e. sperm and eggs) Total of 23 chromosomes.
-But sperm (23) fertilizes + egg (23) = zygote (46). Fertilization restores diploid state.
-Zygote = Fertilized Egg
Meiosis
-Occurs to make haploid gametes.
-Chromosome number is cut in half 2N -> N
-Occurs in ovaries and testes
-Two cell divisions
-Increases genetic variation
-Metaphase 1: tetrads line up along middle
-anaphase 1: homologous chromosomes separate
-telophase 1: two nuclei form
-cytokinesis 1: cells separate
-Chromosome number is cut in half 2N -> N
-Occurs in ovaries and testes
-Two cell divisions
-Increases genetic variation
~Phases in Meiosis 1:
-Prophase 1: homologous chromosomes from tetrads (contains 4 chromatids) and crossing over occurs (they exchange proteins of their chromatids)-Metaphase 1: tetrads line up along middle
-anaphase 1: homologous chromosomes separate
-telophase 1: two nuclei form
-cytokinesis 1: cells separate
Phases in Meiosis 2
-The process is the same between the divisions EXCEPT: DNA replication and crossing over. -RESULT????
-Same thing as the picture above except.... they are haploid.
-Importance???
-PRODUCES GAMETES!!!!!!
-In men (in one division of a cell) = produces 4 sperm cells.
-In woman (in one division) = just one.
-Law of Segregation = Is when homologous pairs separate. Occurs during Meiosis.
-Law of independent assortment = states that genes for different traits can segregate
independently during the formation of gametes.
-segregate = to separate.
-pure breeding = is when the offspring is produced with the same traits as its parents.
-hybrid = Is the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.
-alleles = are the different forms of a gene.
-F1 Cross = F1 generation is the offspring of the P generation. Mendel let the F1 generation self-pollinate. Why? Because, after the P generation pollinated, there were no recessive alleles in F1 but in F2.
Probability = the likelihood that a particular event will occur.
-Phenotype = physical trait
-Genotype = genetic makeup
-homozygous = organism that has two identical alleles for a trait (i.e. AA, aa)
-heterozygous = organism that has two different alleles for a trait (i.e. Aa, Ee)
-independent assortment = states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
-One-Factor/Trait Crosses
-Two-Factor/Trait Crosses
-Incomplete Dominance = Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another. (i.e. red flower x white flower = pink flower)
-Codominance = when the phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed. (i.e. Black feathered chicken x white feathered chicken = Black & White speckled feathered chicken)
-Multiple alleles = A gene with more than two alleles.
-polygenic traits = Traits controlled by two or more genes. (HINT: 'poly' means more than two)
-Environment conditions can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits.
-Relate genetics to different breeds of dogs (The last movie we watched in Bio Day)
-Determine sex (x and y chromosomes)(xx = female xy = male)
-Determine chromosome issues = Down syndrome (extra 21 chromosome), Klinefelter's syndrome (Males who have more than one x chromosome), Turner's syndrome (Females have only one x chromosome)
-Explain how pedigrees are used to study human traits and be able to use a pedigree chart. (Information gained from pedigree analysis makes it possible to determine the nature of genes and alleles associated with inherited human traits)
-Be able to describe and perform genetic crosses on the following human gene autosomal disorders:
a) Recessive alleles: Albinism, cystic fibrosis, PKU, Tay-Sachs disease
b)Dominant alleles: Achondroplasia, Huntington's disease
c) Codominant alleles: Sickle cell disease.
-Sadly, sex linked disorders are more common in males than females.
-Why? Because the disorder is on the 'sex link' meaning on the sex chromosome X. Remember X is in seX link.
-Have to be able to perform sex-linked crosses using the Punnet Sqaure with...: colorblindness, hemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystophy
Be able to summarize methods of human DNA analysis: genetic test and DNA Fingerprinting.
-Gel Electrophoresis
-The Human Genome Project was a 13-year, international effort with the main goals of sequencing all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identifying all human genes.
-Describe how researchers are attempting to cure genetic disorders
-Be able to discuss ethical issues in human genetics.
-Hybridization = crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.
-Inbreeding = The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.
-Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by introducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of biological diversity.
~Explain how scientists manipulate DNA: (Can be found in 15.2)
a) genetic engineering
b)DNA extraction, Cutting DNA, Separating DNA, reading sequence, cutting and pasting DNA, making copies of DNA.
c)Uses: electrophoresis, DNA fingerprinting for crime cases and paternity cases
~Explain how cells can be transformed (Can be found in 15.2)
~Describe the usefulness of transgenic organisms and cloning (Can be found in 15.2)
The Next Scribe WILL BEEEEEEEE: David
P.S. If you make pictures of certain process like Meiosis, it will actually help you remember it easier!
-Same thing as the picture above except.... they are haploid.
-Importance???
-PRODUCES GAMETES!!!!!!
-In men (in one division of a cell) = produces 4 sperm cells.
-In woman (in one division) = just one.
Mendel
-"An organism with at least one dominant allele for a particular form of a trait will exhibit that form of trait. An organism with a recessive allele for a particular form of a trait will exhibit that form only when the dominant allele for the trait is not present." Taken from 11.1 in textbook.-Principle of Dominance = is the principle that states that some alleles are dominant are others are recessive.
-Law of Segregation = Is when homologous pairs separate. Occurs during Meiosis.
-Law of independent assortment = states that genes for different traits can segregate
independently during the formation of gametes.
-segregate = to separate.
-pure breeding = is when the offspring is produced with the same traits as its parents.
-hybrid = Is the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.
-alleles = are the different forms of a gene.
-F1 Cross = F1 generation is the offspring of the P generation. Mendel let the F1 generation self-pollinate. Why? Because, after the P generation pollinated, there were no recessive alleles in F1 but in F2.
Probability = the likelihood that a particular event will occur.
Punnet Squares
-Punnet Square = Punnet squares use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses.-Phenotype = physical trait
-Genotype = genetic makeup
-homozygous = organism that has two identical alleles for a trait (i.e. AA, aa)
-heterozygous = organism that has two different alleles for a trait (i.e. Aa, Ee)
-independent assortment = states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
-One-Factor/Trait Crosses
-Two-Factor/Trait Crosses
-Incomplete Dominance = Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another. (i.e. red flower x white flower = pink flower)
-Codominance = when the phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed. (i.e. Black feathered chicken x white feathered chicken = Black & White speckled feathered chicken)
-Multiple alleles = A gene with more than two alleles.
-polygenic traits = Traits controlled by two or more genes. (HINT: 'poly' means more than two)
-Environment conditions can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits.
-Relate genetics to different breeds of dogs (The last movie we watched in Bio Day)
Human heredity
-Identify types of human chromosomes in a karyotype-Determine sex (x and y chromosomes)(xx = female xy = male)
-Determine chromosome issues = Down syndrome (extra 21 chromosome), Klinefelter's syndrome (Males who have more than one x chromosome), Turner's syndrome (Females have only one x chromosome)
-Explain how pedigrees are used to study human traits and be able to use a pedigree chart. (Information gained from pedigree analysis makes it possible to determine the nature of genes and alleles associated with inherited human traits)
-Be able to describe and perform genetic crosses on the following human gene autosomal disorders:
a) Recessive alleles: Albinism, cystic fibrosis, PKU, Tay-Sachs disease
b)Dominant alleles: Achondroplasia, Huntington's disease
c) Codominant alleles: Sickle cell disease.
-Sadly, sex linked disorders are more common in males than females.
-Why? Because the disorder is on the 'sex link' meaning on the sex chromosome X. Remember X is in seX link.
-Have to be able to perform sex-linked crosses using the Punnet Sqaure with...: colorblindness, hemophilia, Duchenne Muscular Dystophy
Be able to summarize methods of human DNA analysis: genetic test and DNA Fingerprinting.
-Gel Electrophoresis
-The Human Genome Project was a 13-year, international effort with the main goals of sequencing all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identifying all human genes.
-Describe how researchers are attempting to cure genetic disorders
-Be able to discuss ethical issues in human genetics.
Genetic Engineering
-Purpose of induced mutations-Purpose of of selective breeding = Allowing only those animals with wanted characteristics to produce the next generation. Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantages of naturally occurring genetic variation, to pass wanted traits on to the next generation of organisms.
-Hybridization = crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.
-Inbreeding = The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.
-Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by introducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of biological diversity.
~Explain how scientists manipulate DNA: (Can be found in 15.2)
a) genetic engineering
b)DNA extraction, Cutting DNA, Separating DNA, reading sequence, cutting and pasting DNA, making copies of DNA.
c)Uses: electrophoresis, DNA fingerprinting for crime cases and paternity cases
~Explain how cells can be transformed (Can be found in 15.2)
~Describe the usefulness of transgenic organisms and cloning (Can be found in 15.2)
The Next Scribe WILL BEEEEEEEE: David
P.S. If you make pictures of certain process like Meiosis, it will actually help you remember it easier!
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